ترجمه فصل اول اصلاح نباتات

29 صفحه به صورت word و 18 صفحه متن انگلیسی pdf  نمونه متن انگلیسی: THE BEGINNING During the course of evolutionary history, organisms, including vascular plants, developed genetic systems that gained them a place in earth’s dynamic natural habitats. Mechanisms emerged and were perpetuated that allowed terrestrial plants to survive, to thrive, and to reproduce in a myriad of environments. Light, dark, hot, cold, dry, wet, saline, solute-less, acidic, alkaline, rich soil, gravel, calm air, wind, etc. As populations flourished, challenges of competition for resources, parasitism, and herbivory ultimately arose. Organisms reproduced themselves with mechanisms that preserved and perpetuated “ successful ” genes or gene combinations and allowed for new genetic variability to constantly appear. Thus, only the fittest, most competitive individuals contributed offspring to the next generation, but populations also came to be adequately buffered for the inevitable and p …